Fashion of Lebanon

Introduction In the contemporary world, fashion and design has become a major aspect of global culture. Particularly, fashion has flourished in many parts of the world. This reflects change in terms of perspectives and perceptions that fashion in the previous decades elicited. Of particular interest is fashion industry in Middle East and other parts of Asia.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion of Lebanon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite different convictions, views and culture, fashion in Middle East has thrived amid strong religious practices and resistance. This essay explores fashion industry of Lebanon. The paper will highlight some of the major fashion designers in the country and draw conclusions on whether or not Lebanese fashion has flourished. Besides, the conclusion of the paper will make a comparison between fashion industry in Lebanon and Dubai. This will not only provide a glimpse of Leba nese fashion but also enhance our knowledge on the intrinsic aspects of the country that makes its fashion industry irresistible to the rest of the world. Lebanon Fashion Designers Lebanon is renowned for exemplar fashion designers. Elie Saab is an iconic fashion designer with design shops located in Beirut and other parts of the world. Born in 1964, Saab showed keen interest in fashion and began sewing at a tender age of nine years. In 1981, Saab attended fashion and design training in Paris and gained knowledge and style that were critical for his career (Carnegy 79). He returned to Beirut where he opened a fashion and design workshop. At the age of 18, Elie Saab had already launched his label and was able to start a designer shop. His initial fashion designs included wedding gowns and dresses. He used unique fabrics to exhibit designs that represented a shift from conventional Lebanese culture to a more liberal and global-accepted culture. Despite his early ambitions, his work ga ined global acceptance in 1997 when he became a member of Camera Nazionale della Moda (McKelvey and Munslow 31). Consequently, he was able to ensure that his collections typify numerous fashion shows across the world. It is important to note that Elie Saab is a major fashion designer who has been able to integrate eastern and western cultures. Use of such materials such as taffeta and satin has allowed the designer to come up with light gowns and wedding dresses. This in turn has led to recognition of his designs globally. His most memorable moment was in 2002.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Saab made history when he became the first designer not only in Lebanon but also in the entire Middle East to dress an Oscar winner (McKelvey and Munslow 301). Particularly, Saab dressed Halle Berry making his designs an instant success then and in the following years. Consequently, he becam e a member of Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture in Paris (Carnegy 129). Fig 1: Some of Saab’s Elegant Designs To that end, Saab’s designs and fashion collections have become popular across the world. This in turn has allowed him to become one of the most recognized fashion designers having dressed over a hundred celebrities at the end of 2010. His business has also expanded across the region and the entire world. Particularly, he has opened over sixty outlets across the world. To diversify his collection, Saab launched his maiden perfume known as ‘Le Parfum’ in 2012. The fragrance became an instant seller. According to McKelvey and Munslow, the perfume became the best seller in over fifteen countries across the world (162). It is imperative to restate that Elie Saab is a global and impressive fashion designer. Among the celebrities he has dressed are Beyonce, Katy Perry, Christina Aguilera and Rihanna. Another renowned Lebanese fashion designer is Zuh air Murad. Unlike Saab, Murad is relatively younger having been born in 1971. He studied fashion in Paris where he achieved a degree in fashion and design. Upon his return to Lebanon, Murad opened his first shop in Beirut. He made his debut in fashion when he appeared on catwalks of Italy. His designs captured attention of many designers and became a characteristic of fashion shows in Italy. Murad has been able to sustain his collection to the satisfaction of a myriad of clients. Mainly, he specializes in ready to wear clothes, eyewear and other accessories that are pertinent to the fashion industry (Hywel 28).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fashion of Lebanon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although his fashion line grew in a modest rate, he has diversified his line to include lingerie and perfumes. In 2008, he opened two boutiques outside Lebanon. Like Saab, one of the shops is in Milan while the other one i s located in Paris (Carnegy 67). He also has many showrooms that target fashion events such as New York Fashion Week. Fig 2: Miley Cyrus wearing one of Murad’s Designs It would be unwise not to mention major highlights of Murad’s fashion and design career. Due to his ability of fusing Western and Eastern cultures, Murad has become one of the most sought after designers by many celebrities. Particularly, he has dressed many celebrities and royalties including Christina Aguilera, Blake Lively, Miley Cyrus among many others (Hywel 70). However, his eureka moment was in 2011 when Kerry Washington wore one of his collections during Emmy Awards. It is also important to mention that princess of Saudi Arabia wore one of his collections during the royal wedding between Prince William and Kate Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge, in the same year. The most important aspect of Murad’s collection is elegance and expensive fabric. Besides, his designs incorporate different cult ures ensuring that clients come from all over the world. As such, Murad has made a fortune in dressing actors of popular TV shows and programs. They include The X Factor, Twilight Saga and most recently, Savages. In addition, his line of fashion has been able to address numerous needs of the clients across the world. In fact, Murad’s fashion line has created a unique style in Lebanon making him one of the most terrific fashion designers. Globally, Murad has elicited recognition and appreciation. In Hollywood, his fashion collection has attracted many customers and celebrities. According to various fashion designers, Murad’s fashion collection has become a household name similar to that of Armani and D G (Hywel 172).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He has had the privilege of appearing in many fashion-related magazines and shows including Joan Rivers’ fashion magazine show, The Fashion Police. To that end, it is important to assert that Murad has been instrumental in popularizing Lebanese fashion across the world. Reasons why Fashion in Lebanon has Flourished Lebanon’s fashion industry has flourished in the recent past owing to various factors. At the outset, Lebanon’s geopolitical position and culture are important factors that have made the fashion industry to thrive amid growing competition across the world. The rationale is that Lebanon’s location has led to the spread of Arabic and European influences in the fashion industry. As such, most fashion designs take into consideration both influences and cultures leading to a high demand for the collections. In fact, many designers describe Lebanon as the ‘Switzerland of the Middle East’ (McKelvey and Munslow 228). This fact has led to d ifferentiation and distinctiveness of Lebanese fashion from other countries across the region. In turn, Lebanese fashion has a unique style that does not reflect either Arabic or European designs. Lebanon’s fashion industry therefore integrates various cultures to make elegant and liberal clothes that are unique in the entire region. It is important to mention that Lebanon’s fashion industry has also been instrumental in maintaining historical elements of Lebanese culture. According to many designers, fashion culture of Lebanon is unique from many others. Particularly, Beirut is regarded as ‘Paris of the Orient’ in the sense that the fashion industry in the city reflects that of Paris (Hywel 30). Historians point out that the culture of the country was an important factor that has led to the massive explosion of fashion and design industry in the country. The reason is that weaving of elegant carpets, fabrics and artwork are cultural practices that the pop ulation has maintained for long (Hywel 82). To that end, culture and geopolitical positioning of Lebanon have supported growth and expansion of fashion industry within the country. Second, it is important to highlight that political instability of the country has increased the diversity of the fashion industry. Prior to the civil war, Beirut was a major fashion destination of the world. Carnegy says that the escalation of war and violence facilitated the migration of many young Lebanese to Western countries (213). In these countries, many fashion designers from the country gained training and knowledge that is important in fashion industry. For instance, Zuhair Murad fled the country amid the civil war to acquire basic and international training on fashion. Since the political instability within the country has reduced tremendously, many fashion designers who received training in European nations and America have returned to Lebanon. To that end, the designs and collections that hav e emerged in the country traverse Lebanese jurisdiction to become global brands. It is essential to emphasize that many designers who gained training outside Lebanon have been in a position to launch collections that are liberal and are generally acceptable across the world. This is contrary to fashion industries of other countries within the region that have been relatively conservative (Hywel 45). Further, government of Lebanon has appreciated and recognized the importance of fashion and design industry. The authorities have lured many young people to join fashion colleges in order to expand the small fashion industry. According to many fashion designers, Lebanon is the only country within Middle East that has enacted laws and regulation that sponsor fashion industry (Carnegy 111). Ranging from tax subsidies and export incentives, the country has protected the local fashion industry from high-end competitors. In fact, the state of Lebanon has been able to increase the number of ed ucation institutions that nurture fashion talents from a meager three to sixty seven between 2000 and 2011 (McKelvey and Munslow 221). This has acted as a major motivation for many young and talented fashion designers leading to a major explosion of young designers. In addition to protecting local fashion industry, the state has also ensured that public awareness has increased in order to create local market for fashion collections. To that end, many citizens appreciate the important role that the industry plays in the general economy of the country. McKelvey and Munslow point out that the rise of globally recognized Lebanese fashion designers has inspired numerous upcoming fashion designers in the country (93). Such renowned designers as Rana Sam, Zuhair Murad, Johnny Farah, Mr Kayrouz, Karen Cherkerdjian and Elie Saab have opened many fashion avenues that young designers can explore. Besides, the availability of quality fabrics and garments in the country has allowed designers to provide quality and elegant dresses and clothes that are competitive in the global fashion industry. As such, availability of raw materials such as satin and silk coupled with expertise and skills have enhanced the fashion industry in the country. As many people point out, it is important to mention that the liberal nature of Lebanese culture has made it distinct from other countries in the region. This is not only in terms of global recognition but also in terms of diluting stringent laws that guide regional culture.  Despite the rise of Lebanon’s fashion industry, it is important to pinpoint various challenges that have come along with the growth. Insecurity and political instability within the region have been major hiccups for the industry in the sense that the country has failed to attract and organize major fashion events. The rationale is that insecurity is not only a pertinent issue to the government of Lebanon but also an important aspect in Middle East. As such, r egional peace remains a major challenge for the growing Lebanese fashion industry. Moreover, political instability has also led to the emergence of extremist groups that perceive fashion industry as an aspect of Western culture. Such groups as Hezbollah have minimized chances of the industry to thrive amidst global competition. Due to the challenges, it is essential to mention that Lebanon’s fashion events have not received similar audience when compared to respective events in Europe and the United States. In addition, lack of sufficient financial resources and institutions are attributable to unpopularity of fashion designers. Ignorance about fashion and design is therefore overwhelming in a substantial proportion of the citizenry. Nonetheless, Lebanon’s fashion industry is the largest and most elegant in the Middle East. Many fashion designers concur with the assertion that Lebanese fashion will continue to typify major fashion events across the world. Fashion of Le banese Lebanon boasts of diversity in fashion, design, beauty and culture. This is notwithstanding adversity that has rocked the country in recent years. Fashion in particular is a major tourist attraction owing to its elegance and its association with global celebrities and royalties. In fact, many designers argue that Lebanon is home to the most diverse and liberal fashion collections. The country’s is also renowned for its finesse in the fashion industry. This does not only allow the country to attract customers across the region but also around the world (Hywel 45). Creativity is also a major component of the fashion collections in the country. In May this year, the country hosted an annual fashion festival known as Cannes Film Festival. The event was not only an opportunity for myriad of designers to display their collections but also an avenue through which the international community can appreciate the elegance and creativity of Lebanese designs. In addition, such even ts have attracted major fashion icons from all over the world. As such, it is imperative to mention that Lebanese fashion has grown in an unprecedented way and has gained recognition from other countries. Availability of special and unique skills and styles of making garments has also allowed the country to design excellent designs (Hywel 58). It is important to mention that major fashion designers in the country attract a specific clientele particularly, the affluent and wealthy members of global society. Therefore, Lebanese fashion has been associated with quality, creativity, elegance and high cost. Why is Lebanon Fashion Designers Famous in the World? Undoubtedly, Lebanese fashion designers have captured the attention of the world in the past few decades. At the outset, Lebanese designers have been able to adopt a culturally relative approach when designing, displaying and marketing their collections. The rationale is that many Arabic countries view fashion shows and designs fro m the perspective that they represent Western culture. However, the Lebanese designers make clothes and dresses that reflect unique cultures for specific clients. According to various fashion designers, culture is a strong factor that is closely associated with success or failure of finished designs. As such, Lebanese designers take into consideration the impact of cultural ethnocentrism and relativism during the process of making outfits. Second, Lebanon fashion designers are famous for the type of clients they target. Particularly, such designers as Zuhair Murad and Elie Saab have dressed global icons like Beyonce, Christina Aguilera, Halle Berry and Blake Lively among many other celebrities. Consequently, fans of the celebrities associate Lebanese fashion with elegance and style. This has not only made the fashion industry in the country to flourish but also made the designers to acquire high standing in the fashion industry. Additionally, Lebanese fashion has integrated quality and creativity to produce some of the most outstanding dresses and outfits. The quality of Lebanese silk and taffeta is unique across the world making the designers to be identified with the attributes of the country’s quality fabric (Carnegy 79). Finally, it is imperative to underscore the fact that the process of globalization has enabled the designers to traverse many countries and continents. As such, they have gained insights on the fashion needs of different societies across the world. The above-mentioned facts have therefore made designers from Lebanon to be popular and famous all over the world. Conclusion In essence, Lebanon’s fashion industry has grown tremendously over the past decades. This is evident by the number of designers that have emerged from the country. Zuhair Murad and Elie Saab are among the most renowned designers from the country. Their designs have been displayed in numerous fashion events across the world. Various reasons have led to the pop ularity and expansion of Lebanese fashion industry. They include high quality designs, availability of fabric, government incentives, famous fashion designers as well as creativity. As such, Lebanese fashion designers have dressed celebrities and royalties. While it is true that Dubai has a strong and upcoming fashion industry, Lebanon has already made its presence in the global market already. Nonetheless, the political challenges apparent in Lebanon do not affect Dubai. As such, Dubai might overtake Lebanon as the most renowned fashion destination in Asia. Works Cited Carnegy, Vicky. Fashions of a Decade, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press, 2006. Print. Hywel, Davies. 100 New Fashion Designers, New York: McGraw Hill Publishers, 2008. Print. McKelvey, Kathryn and Munslow, Janine. Fashion Design: Process, Innovation and Practice, Boston: Sage Publishers, 2011. Print. 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The Four Competing Sociological Theories Essays - Sociology

The Four Competing Sociological Theories Essays - Sociology The Four Competing Sociological Theories Name Course The Four Competing Sociological Theories Resources in the world have been distributed unequally. There are some people who get more resources than others, yet everyone needs resources for their daily activities. In explaining this social scholars and sociologist have come up with different four competing for sociological theories that try to explain why there is so much resource inequality in the world. The following is an essay that will compare and contrast the strength and weakness of the following theories; market-oriented, dependency theory, world systems theory, and states centered theory. The essay will conclude by giving a choosing and justifying which theory bests explains this phenomenon According to market-oriented theory, an organization will work to meet the needs of their customers. The strategies and the products developed by an organization will focus on this desire for customer satisfaction. The major strength or this theory is that it pleases and holds the customers to being loyal towards the organization. Also, when an organization uses this theory, it will be able to respond to the demand for the consumer need. The theory allows an organization to streamline its needs to suit the customers. The weaknesses of this theory are that for an organization to effectively implement it will require a lot of capital investment and marketing research which might not favor SMEs. An increase in customer value will call for an increase in the cost of production which will reduce the profits made by an organization. This has empowered developed nations and undermined the capability of developing nat ions thus the global inequality (Menzies, 2015). State-centered theory, on the other hand, is a theory that focuses on the role of a government in civil society and community development. It is a political theory that expects the government to develop policies that will f oster development in its states (Menzies, 2015). Though this theory emerged as a response to Marxists the theory manages to explain how government can influence society. The way a government distributes resources will account for the global inequality at large. The advantage of this theory is that the governments oversee resources, and the disadvantage of this approach is that it gives the society a little role in resource distribution. The government will be accountable for how resources ar e distributed in their locality (Ritzer , 2014 ). The third theory is the world systems theory which argues that the world economy is an economic block where some nations are exploited on the behalf of others. The theory initially developed by Wallerstein developed a global map explaining how some nations are the cores and dominant economic units, the peripheral and the semi-peripheral nations. The weakness of this theory is that it does not account for the dynamic state of world economy and the issue of globalization. The strength of this theory is that it acts as a guideline towards global economic development. The theory is an interdependence theory explaining how depe ndency is not a one-way process (Menzies, 2015). The final theory and the most relevant theory in explaining global inequality are the dependant theory. This theory explains how resources from developing nations flow into developed nations. The developed nations in the Far East, Europe, and America are exploiting the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America for resources. The strengths that are associated with this theory are that the theory analyzes the inequality gap that is there between poor nations and developed nations and seeks for the best way to bridge the gap. The other strength of this theory is that it breaks the political barrier between nations in explaining global inequality. The weakness of this theory is that it does not look at the internal challenges a nation might be going through in development process (Menzies, 2015). References Menzies, K. (2015). Sociological Theory in Use . Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Ritzer, G. (2014). Sociological theory . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

The Broadway Cafe Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Broadway Cafe - Research Paper Example The internet and other technologies help to communicate with people and assist in trade interactively with tailored system which fit with the specific business. As a result, organizations can raise cooperation of people and increase better integration of business procedures throughout the industry and with the business associates (Sachenko, 2012). Impact of Using Enterprise Architectures and Networks, Telecommunications, and Wireless Computing Enterprise Mobility Today, technology provides solutions to all mobility requirements in small businesses. Hence, Broadway Cafe can greatly benefit from using wireless fidelity. There are three kinds of wireless fidelity which can be used in Broadway Cafe which are Wi-Fi connectivity, global positioning system, Bluetooth, Internet and mobile devices. These devices can increase the enterprise mobility which can help the organization to perform rapidly and successfully through improving the communication and cooperation. Having wireless fidelity will provide the competitive advantage by accessing vital information at right time and at right place (Advanced Managed Solutions, n.d.). Information Technology (IT) Role in Supply Chain Management (SCM) Through applying IT, Broadway Cafe can acquire the capability to enhance association with all parties in supply chain. As a result, Broadway Cafe will never face any kind of shortages of resources or surplus of resources and customers’ expectations can be fulfilled in appropriate way. Database Management System (DBMS) in Broadway Cafe The foremost step for developing the business system of Broadway Cafe from traditional to modern is installing a better DBMS. For Broadway Cafe, implementing DBMS will assist in managing information about customers, employees and suppliers better than traditional notepad system. Apart from that, DBMS has safety measures which can ensure reliability of information and authorized access of information. The major advantages that Broadway Cafe can get by using DBMS are well-organized data retrieval system, standard data demonstration and high level of accuracy. The major challenges of applying DBMS system are: Inflexible system Highly expensive Requires expensive hardware and software to support High level of security and integrity can degrade the response and throughput time Any kinds of disruption in the system can harm the flow of operation (Dhunna & Dixit, 2010). Strategies for Using Strategic Enterprise System in Broadway Cafe Customer Relationship Management (CRM) in Broadway Cafe Using CRM is the other way to increase the operational efficiency of Broadway Cafe which is significant to survive in 21st century business environment. For Broadway Cafe, the CRM will not only provide the advantages of better customer support, but also help in securing the benefits of updated business procedures. Through keeping all business information (such as customers’ registers, transaction histories and marketing statistics) in a collective virtual system by CRM, Broadway Cafe can gain access to acute information on right time. CRM can provide the advantages of integrating the sales data and information about customers into an effective system in order to manage all aspects of customer interface. Therefore, Broadway cafe can achieve thorough understanding about particular preferences of customers, and as a result can provide efficient services

Information Handling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Information Handling - Essay Example The source where accuracy posed the greatest problem was the marketing database.So I think usefulness informations need have accuracy and reliability, accuracy and reliability determine the quality of information."Information that is timely is available when it is needed for managerial action, not after the decision has been made" (Gareth, 2000,P614) In today's speedily changing world and technology 's developing, lead to information changing frequently. Real-time Information is reflecting current conditions. (Gareth, 2000,P614) For example, productions' price changing frequently in marketing because manager wants to make profit in competition's marketing. So manager should be pay attention to information's changing. Catch Real-time information is very importance. Look at timeliness in accounting"Timeliness: accounting information should be made available to external decision-makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions." (Dyckman, 1992, P44) Like the news of the world, old financial information never carries the same impact fresh information carries. Otherwise lack of timeliness reduces relevance."Information that is complete gives managers all the information they need to exercise control, achieve coordination, or make an effective decision." (Gareth, 2000,P615) information's completive will provided good help to manager to decision. When you set up a new business, look at complete information is importance. Such as, how is this productions sold, how long can make profit.

Describe the purpose of assessment in Adult nursing Essay

Describe the purpose of assessment in Adult nursing - Essay Example Emotional and social factors on the other hand include occupation, responsibilities, family ties, attitude towards health care, emotional tone and mood (Dougherty & Lister, 2011). Nursing assessment is essential as it is the foundation of an effective nursing care plan. A comprehensive nursing assessment is conducted by a registered nurse and it can be defined as extensive and ongoing collection of data for families, individuals and communities at large. This ongoing data collection is a method of addressing emergent and anticipated changes in the health of an individual in comparison to the previous condition. Older people need continuing health care because of their interrelated health care problems. Nursing assessment for the adults is done to ensure that they get the appropriate timely and effective response to their health problems and needs (National Council of State Boards of Nursing, 2011). There is another type of nursing assessment known as the focused nursing. According to the national council of states boards of nursing (2011), this is an appraisal of the health status of an individual making a contribution to comprehensive assessment to support the ongoing data collection. Focused assessment also helps the nurses to make a decision of who needs to be given the information and when it is appropriate to do so. Focused assessment is specific on patients in emergency. Assessment is usually the first step in the nursing process thus it is the basis for a good health care plan (Schaller-Ayers & Fuller, 2000). The crucial details for making accurate assessments are to view all patients holistically in order to identify their needs. Assessment is not just a mere collection of data but involves the critical thinking of nurses to validate and synthesize the information to make informed judgements of the life process of individuals (Standing, 2010). It is about understanding and describing

Global Warming: Technical Solutions

Global Warming: Technical Solutions Evaluate the Technological Solutions Available to Ameliorate Global Warming Introduction Global warming has been proven to be the direct result of anthropogenic causes or man-made interventions with nature. Starting with the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th Century, technologies have been developed that resulted in the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which trap the sun’s radiant energy. This enhanced greenhouse effect gradually raises the earth’s surface temperatures and is projected to create irregular environmental conditions, namely: the melting of polar ice caps, rising of sea level, profound agricultural changes resulting from climate change, extinction of species, abnormal weather conditions, increased incidence of tropical diseases, disappearance of ecological niches and disruption of drinking water supply, (Global Warming, 2004). Since global warming offers a great potential to create catastrophic effects on the environment as a whole, it becomes a global issue, requiring the involvement of the whole international community in finding ways to ameliorate its adverse effects, (Baird, 2006). Global greenhouse gas emissions that are causing global warming come from different sectors. Figure I below shows the global greenhouse gas emissions by sector data: Land use change and forestry contribute the highest greenhouse gas emission rate (19%); followed by electricity (16%); agriculture (14%); transport (13%); other fuel combustion (11%); manufacturing and construction (10%); waste (4%); and industrial (3%) and combined heat and power (3%). The Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated, p. 1) asserts that â€Å"because there are so many sources of these gases, there are also many options for reducing emission.† This paper evaluates the available technological solutions to ameliorate global warming by presenting the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Moreover, such solutions will be presented on a sectoral basis, starting with land use, forestry and agriculture; followed by electricity, and finally by the transportation sector. Land Use, Forestry and Agriculture Sector Technology Land use and forestry technology includes carbon accounting, sequestration, and biofuel production. 1. Carbon Accounting and Sequestration According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC (2000), carbon stock enhancement from land use, land –use change and forestry activities are reversible and therefore require careful accounting. Carbon accounting technology, which involves land-based accounting and activity based accounting, provides accurate and transparent data on carbon stocks and/or changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sink. These data are required to assess compliance with the commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, carbon accounting will help determine relevant carbon pools that can be used in the production of an alternative source of fuel, such as biofuels. Changes in carbon stocks can be technically determined with the use of activity data, remote-sensing techniques, models derived from statistical analysis, flux measurement, soil sampling and ecological surveys. However, the cost of carbon accounting increases as precision and landscape heterogeneit y increases, (IPCC, 2000). As a result of careful carbon accounting, excess carbon can then be captured or sequestered in order to be utilized as fuel source. An example of carbon sequestration technology is the Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle Process or IGCC, which allows for easy sequestration of carbon for long term storage in underground geological formations. However, the Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated), cautions that further research is needed to test the viability of large scale underground storage of carbon in a long term scale. 2. Biofuel Technology Biofuel production or biomass gasification ensures lower greenhouse gas emission levels by converting waste wood and biomass into biofuels that could replace fossil fuels. The report of the Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated, p. 4), maintains that agricultural lands can be planted with carbon-dioxide fixing trees that can be used for fuel production. This will result to land use changes that may have multiple indirect benefits such as improvement of soil, air and water quality; and increase in wildlife habitat. However, study findings suggest that the cultivation of corn and soybeans for biofuel production produces adverse environmental impacts, such as the leaching of pesticides and nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers into water resources, (Manuel, 2007). Moreover, biofuels are from two to four times more expensive than fossil fuels and are not believed to compete well in the marketplace. For example, â€Å"a fuel –cost comparison indicates that while gasoline could be refined for 15 to 16 cents per liter (in the late 1980s), the cost of biofuels ranged from an average of about 30 cents per liter (for methanol derived from biomass) to 63 cents per liter (for ethanol derived from beets in the United Kingdom)†, (Barbier et al. 1991, p. 142; cited in Johansen, 2002, p. 266). Electricity Sector Technology According to the Pew Center on Global Climate Change Report (Undated), power plants and coal combustion that supply electric power account for the greenhouse gas emissions on the electricity sector. Technological solutions available for this sector to address global warming include: 1. Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle Process The Integrated Gasification and Combined Cycle Process or IGCC, is a power generation technology that improves the efficiency of electric power and heat generation with the use of a combination of fossil fuels and renewable energy. It enables clean gas production and the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions with the use of high performance gas turbines, (Abela, et al., 2007). Moreover, air pollutants such as particulate matter, sulphur, nitrogen and mercury are removed from the gasified coal before combustion, (Abela, et al., 2007). However, the major disadvantage of using this technology is its high cost of operation, which is about 20% more than the operating cost of a traditional coal plant, (Wikipedia, undated). 2. Renewable Energy Sources Renewable energy sources such as the wind, solar and water can produce electricity without releasing greenhouse gases and are thus important in the amelioration of global warming. a. Wind Power Wind power technology harnesses the power of the wind which is an indirect form of solar power, to supply energy. Some have propeller type devices, while others have vertical axis designs, which possess the ability to accept wind from any direction. According to Elliott (2003), wind power is already an essential source of energy; and that in 2002, the total generating capacity has reached 24,000 megawatts, with costs decreasing significantly with technology development. However, this technology often has large space requirements, due to the need of the wind turbines to be grouped together in wind farms, in order to facilitate sharing of connections to the power grid. Moreover, there should be a separation of about 5 to 15 blade diameters between individual wind turbines, in order to â€Å"prevent turbulent interactions in wind farm arrays† , (Elliott, 2003, p. 135). b. Solar Power Radiant energy can be captured and utilized to generate electricity which may be used to operate solar batteries or may be transmitted along normal transmission lines. Radiant energy is collected in a photovoltaic cell, which is a bimetallic unit that allows direct conversion of sunlight to electricity. The only drawback of utilizing photovoltaic cells is its high cost. However, recent â€Å"developments in the semiconductor industry have significantly brought down prices†, (Elliott, 2003, p.132). Electric power generation has also been accomplished with the use of big solar heat-concentrating mirrors and parabolic troughs and dishes that track the sun across the sky and focus its rays so as to raise steam, (Elliott, 2003, p130), and consequently produce electricity. One major disadvantage of using solar power technology is that it works only during the day and requires electrical storage mechanisms at night. Additionally, radiant heat is insufficient in cold regions and in ar eas with extensive cloudy periods, resulting in low amount of energy collection. c. Water Power Hydropower is the world’s biggest renewable source of energy. It is deemed as one of the most acceptable and cleanest technologies whereby a unit of water produces hydropower cumulatively by passing through the turbines of many dams along the descent of a river†, (Gibbons, 1986, p. 86). According to Elliott (2003, p. 151), â€Å"there is around 650 GW of installed capacity in place, mostly in 300 large projects. However, in recent years, there have been social and environmental concerns about large hydros, and some new projects have met with opposition†. Its adverse environmental impacts include the destruction of large areas of natural vegetation and agricultural land for water storage; biodiversity loss, flooding and displacement of population, (Elliott, 2003). 3. Geothermal Power Geothermal power is not considered a renewable resource when used at rates of extraction greater than their natural replenishment. With sustainable use, however, geothermal power can be effectively harnessed to provide electricity. Geothermal energy comes from the heat of the earth and can be categorized into geopressured, magma, hydrothermal and hot dry rock, (Wright, 2002, p. 362). According to Hobbs (1995, cited in Wright, 2002, p. 362), commercial operations are mostly in the form of hydrothermal systems â€Å"where wells are about 2000 metres deep with reservoir temperatures of 180 to 270 °C.† Although geothermal systems produce less than 0.2 percent of the carbon dioxide produced by coal or oil-fired plant, they also emit non-condensable gases such as small quantities of sulphur dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and hydrogen. Additionally, such systems cause induced seismicity and ground subsidence. They are also capital-intensive investments that require f inancial and technical assistance, (Wright, 2002, p. 362). Transport System Technology The transportation sector has one of the highest greenhouse gas emissions rate, after land use and forestry, electricity and agriculture sectors. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated), recommends the use of â€Å"off the shell† technologies that are currently available in the market, which significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions of conventional cars and trucks. These â€Å"off the shell† technologies focus on increasing energy efficiency, fuel blending and the use of advanced diesels and hybrids. Additionally, long term technological options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are now gradually being developed which include the use of biofuels, electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cells. a. Fuel Blending Fuel blending involves the mixing of ethanol and other biofuels with gasoline to produce more-environment friendly fuels. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated, p. 4), asserts that corn-based ethanol can reduce greenhouse emissions to at least 30% â€Å"for each gallon of regular gasoline that it replaces†. b. Diesels and Hybrids Diesel and hybrid engines offer excellent fuel economy and overall fuel efficiency. However, they also emit air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulates. Newer diesel engine models, however, use very sophisticated fuel-injection systems, which result in vehicles that have better acceleration with reduced emissions, vibration, and noise†, (Doyle, 2000, p. 383). Moreover, because diesels and hybrids afford excellent fuel economy, they use less gas on a per mile basis, thereby producing less greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional cars and trucks. â€Å"When both technologies are combined in a diesel hybrid vehicle, it can yield a 65-percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per mile†, (Green and Schafer, 2003; cited in The Pew Center on Global Climate Change Undated, p.6). c. Biofuels As previously mentioned, biofuels offer cleaner emissions than regular gasoline. Agricultural and forest products can be processed to produce ethanol that may be combined with gasoline and enable significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Corn-based, cellulosic and sugar-cane-based ethanols have been proven to significantly reduce emissions, (The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Undated). d. Electric Vehicles Electric vehicles offer cleaner emissions by reducing the amount of pollutant and greenhouse gas release in the air. They release â€Å"30 percent less hydrocarbons and 15 percent less nitrogen oxides† than conventional vehicles, (Doyle, 2000, p. 289). In the past, electric cars needed advances in battery storage. Thus, the â€Å"plug-in† hybrid was developed in order to solve the battery storage problem. The â€Å"plug-in† hybrid â€Å"is a gas- electric vehicle that can be charged at home overnight†, (The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Undated). e. Hydrogen Fuel Cells Hydrogen fuel cells â€Å"produce power by combining oxygen with hydrogen to create water†, (The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Undated, p.6). Hydrogen is obtained from natural gas by reforming and is combined with oxygen that is readily available in the air, which generates electricity continuously. The fuel cells replace combustion turbines in integrated cycles, resulting in increased fuel efficiency of 46-55 percent. However, there is a need to find ways to produce hydrogen with minimal emissions, (The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Undated). Conclusion A careful analysis of the global greenhouse gas emissions by sector is essential in identifying the needed technological solutions to help curb or reduce gas emissions. By focusing the effort to reduce emissions of the higher contributing sectors, the overall efforts to address global warming effects can be effectively channeled. Thus, it is imperative to focus on the available technologies that address the adverse effects of global warming on the following sectors: land use and forestry, electricity, agriculture and transport. In its comprehensive report on technological solutions for climate change amelioration, the Pew Center on Global Climate Change (Undated, p.2), claims that â€Å"there is no single, silver bullet technology that will deliver the reductions in emissions that are needed to protect the climate†. It further recommends the integration of a portfolio of solutions wherein the identification of useful technologies should be based on the analysis of key economic sectors. Moreover, it suggests that policy makers should prioritize the creation of incentives that will release the power of the marketplace in developing solutions. In the final analysis, further research and development of more exact and cost-effective portfolio of technologies that ameliorate global warming effects must be advocated. References: Abela, M., Bonavita, N., Martini, R., 2007. Advanced process control at an integrated gasification combined cycle plant. Available from: http://library.abb.com/GLOBAL/SCOT/scot267.nsf/VerityDisplay/62CF14177B1A39D2852572FB004B4EB3/$File/AC2%20ISAB_ABB.pdf. [Accessed: 11 August 2007]. Baird, S. L., 2006. Climate Change: A Runaway Train? The Human Species Has Reshaped Earths Landscapes on an Ever-Larger and Lasting Scale. The Technology Teacher, 66(4), 14+ Doyle, J. 2000. Taken for a Ride: Detroits Big Three and the Politics of Pollution. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. Elliott, D., 2003. Energy, Society Environment. New York: Routledge. Gibbons, D. C., 1986. The Economic Value of Water. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. Global Warming. 2004. In the Columbia Encyclopedia (6th Ed.). New York: Columbia University Press Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2000. IPCC Special Report: Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. Summary for Policy Makers. Available from: http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/spmpdf/srl-e.pdf. [Accessed: 10 August 2007}. Johansen, B. E., 2002. The Global Warming Desk Reference. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Manuel, J., 2007. Battle of the Biofuels. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(2), 92+. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Undated. Climate Data: A Sect oral Perspective. Climate Change 101: Understanding and Responding to Global Climate Change. Available from: http://www.pewtrusts.org/pdf/pew_climate_101_techsolutions.pdf. [Accessed: 10 August, 2007]. Wikipedia. Undated. Combined Cycle. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cycle#_note-0. [Accessed: 11 August 2007]. Wright, R. M., 2002. Energy and Sustainable Development. In Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Development in the Caribbean, Goodbody, I. Thomas-Hope, E. (Eds.) (pp. 307-385). Barbados: Canoe Press.

Salmonella Typhi (typhoid Fever) :: essays research papers

Salmonella Typhi is a very contagious infection in the intestines that affects the whole body. It is called by a bacteria called Salmonella Typhi that is found in the stools of an infected person. Most people in the United States get typhoid as a result of visiting another country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid is spread when a person eats food or water contaminated by human waste (stool or urine) containing Salmonella Typhi bacteria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever mostly preys upon people from the United States who visit other countries, because in a foreign country food and drink may have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if the bacteria gets into the water you use for washing or drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salmomella Typhi hides in beverages, most commonly milk or water. It also hides in food that is usually a foreign delicacy of some sort that has been contaminated by Salmonella Typhi in some way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever usually causes high fever, head ache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, weakness, or inability to think clearly. The symptoms take about two weeks to go away if they don't lead to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This bacterial pathogen is considered extremely dangerous and is probobly armed. Salmonella   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhi has been on the loose for many years and was cuased a lot of havoc and done a lot of damage over the years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever affects 17 million people worldwide every year, with approximately 600,000 deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To protect yourself from typhoid fever, aviod risky food and drinks and get vaccinated aginst typhoid fever, and wash your hands carefully a lot to make sure you have not touched something infected with Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella Typhi (typhoid Fever) :: essays research papers Salmonella Typhi is a very contagious infection in the intestines that affects the whole body. It is called by a bacteria called Salmonella Typhi that is found in the stools of an infected person. Most people in the United States get typhoid as a result of visiting another country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid is spread when a person eats food or water contaminated by human waste (stool or urine) containing Salmonella Typhi bacteria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever mostly preys upon people from the United States who visit other countries, because in a foreign country food and drink may have been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if the bacteria gets into the water you use for washing or drinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salmomella Typhi hides in beverages, most commonly milk or water. It also hides in food that is usually a foreign delicacy of some sort that has been contaminated by Salmonella Typhi in some way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever usually causes high fever, head ache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, weakness, or inability to think clearly. The symptoms take about two weeks to go away if they don't lead to death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This bacterial pathogen is considered extremely dangerous and is probobly armed. Salmonella   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhi has been on the loose for many years and was cuased a lot of havoc and done a lot of damage over the years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typhoid fever affects 17 million people worldwide every year, with approximately 600,000 deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To protect yourself from typhoid fever, aviod risky food and drinks and get vaccinated aginst typhoid fever, and wash your hands carefully a lot to make sure you have not touched something infected with Salmonella Typhi.